Biocatalysis has seen significant advancements, particularly in the development and optimization of enzymes for industrial applications [S12]. Enzymes can now be produced quickly on a gram to kilogram scale, with dedicated databases and search tools making these biocatalysts more accessible [S12]. These tailor-made enzymes exhibit high efficiencies and selectivities, making them invaluable in various chemical processes. Techniques such as immobilization have further improved enzyme activity, stability, and selectivity, enabling their use in diverse settings [S3].

Moreover, the field of biocatalysis is increasingly leveraging advanced methodologies like directed evolution and machine learning to enhance enzyme performance [S10][S14]. For instance, structure-guided directed evolution has been used to expand the substrate scope of halogenases for asymmetric C(sp³)–H chlorination [S13], while cryo-EM structures have provided insights into nitrilase specificity [S15]. These approaches not only improve enzyme functionality but also enable their use in novel applications, driving innovation in organic synthesis and biotechnology.